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07:21 ,
On a cool September evening somewhere in America in 1940, a family gathers around a vacuum- tube radio. As someone adjusts the tuning knob, a distinct and serious voice cuts through the airwaves: �This ... is London.�
And so begins a riveting first- hand account of the infamous �London Blitz,� the wholesale bombing of that city by the German air force in World War II. Behind the microphone, sitting atop a London rooftop thousands of miles from the United States, sits a young journalist, Edward R. Murrow. With this and other wartime broadcasts, Murrow would spearhead the use of radio- based reporting and almost single- handedly create the concept of �broadcast journalism.�

Edward R. Murrow�s reputation as one of America�s most celebrated journalists endures long after his life was ended by lung cancer at the age of 57. Murrow would bring to American radio listeners � and later television viewers � compelling stories that would come alive through words and pictures; he would describe the horrors of war both on and off the battlefield; he would challenge a powerful member of the U.S. Congress in the midst of the �Red Scare� of the 1950s; and, near the end of his life, he would be called on by the president of the United States to lead the nation�s effort to �tell America�s story to the world.�

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07:18 ,
What would you do in these situations? These are real dilemmas faced by real journalists. They are just three of 21 case studies profiled in this manual; none of the case studies is hypothetical. By sharing their stories, working journalists helped the International Center for Journalists (ICFJ) develop this manual, which aims to provide a practical framework for making ethical decisions on deadline.
This manual encourages journalists and media managers to think about ethics in their profession, talk about ethics with their colleagues and their audiences or readers, and develop ethical standards and guidelines that fit their needs and circumstances.

Why should journalists and media managers care about professional ethics?
Journalists who adhere to professional standards, who strive to produce accurate reporting in an ethical manner, certainly gain professional satisfaction. They also earn credi- bility with their readers and viewers, and a reputation for reli- ability for their news organizations. A newspaper, TV station or radio station with a reputation for credibility and reliability has an excellent chance for commercial success. So, in addi- tion to moral incentives for practicing ethical journalism, there are economic drivers as well. Finally, governments are less likely to try to impose standards on media if journalists hold themselves to high ethical standards.

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07:09 ,
Congolese Eric Mwamba is a freelance journalist. He and colleagues, some of whom worked on Le Rebond newspaper, were distressed by what they saw as the hypocrisy of their government, which came to power denouncing the corruption of the previous regime, but rapidly became embroiled in scandals of its own. Here, he tells the story of his paper�s efforts to reveal what was going on.
Why did you do this investigation?
The need to do this article arose from our wish to clarify the duplicity in the political discourse of our country�s leaders � actually of all politicians, whether in opposition or in power. Jean-Jacques Rousseau said it already: �Politics is neither religion nor morality�. We saw a need to enable the people, often illiterate and naive, to understand the vast difference between electoral promises and the actual exercise of power.

We are now led by an elite who for 30 years took great pains to denounce corruption, fraud, bad governance, political assassinations and the force-feeding of an official ideology, with the objective of achieving a democratic alternative. In opposition, these people claimed that if they were elected they would lead the way towards the collective well-being that people craved.

But only seven years after these �socialists� obtained supreme power, they are at the centre of financial scandals and with personal wealth estimated in billions, whilst the people�s misery has become intolerable.

How did you tackle the story?
In order to get to the bottom of the rumours, colleague Paul Arnaud Digbeu investigated the bank accounts of the men and women in power. He compiled a list of 38 names and published the list in an article titled �The FPI�s 38 billionnaires�. (Le Rebond no. 203 of 12/09/2007) The FPI is the Front Populaire Ivoirien, the party of President Laurent Gbagbo.

What happened after you published?
The amounts found were so high that everybody was asking if it was really possible for these individuals to have amassed such riches in such a short space of time, and many even doubted the veracity of (Digbeu�s) report on that basis. After the publication, Le Rebond was charged with �insult to the Head of State� by chief prosecutor Raymond Tchimou, and was also hit with a civilian charge for �defamation� by a parliamentarian close to the presidential couple, joined for the occasion by the first lady herself.

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07:08 ,
This publication seeks to contribute to the theoretical refinement and practical realisation of conflict conscious journalism as a tool for usage by media practitioners in conflict-affected areas. With this goal in mind, the handbook is designed to be both a practical everyday guide for those already familiar with the subject, as well as an introduction for those unfamiliar with such practices.


The handbook has been produced in partnership between IMS and IMPACS, as well as the Centre for Policy Alternatives in Colombo and the Nepal Press Institute in Kathmandu, to whom IMS and IMPACS would like to express special thanks. In addition, the in-country research and workshops conducted by the author, Ross Howard, have been instrumental in developing and refining the concepts and tools outlined in this publication. One of these workshops, held by IMPACS-IMS and the Centre for Policy Alternatives in Sri Lanka in June 2002, provided substantial input to this publication.

IMS and IMPACS are pleased to be able to present this handbook alongside their partners and hope that those reading it, whether as a refresher to a workshop or for the first time, find it a useful guide to the conceptual basis and practical everyday use of conflict conscious journalism.


Shauna Sylvester
Executive Director Institute for Media, Policy and Civil Society

Jesper H�jberg
Executive Director International Media Support
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